# ASCII Characters ASCII is a 7-bit character encoding stemming from the mid 20th century. This was before the standard 8-bit byte. Being 7-bit it allows from 0-127 character representations. Computers that began using ASCII in an 8-bit byte world were not held to a standard on what to do with the extra bit and thus used it in a variety of ways including extended ASCII symbols etc. This was before networking was commonplace so interoperability was less of a problem. UTF-8 accepted and standardized ASCII to 8-bit leaving the final bit required to be zero. You can see vestiges of extended ASCII in various terminal support. The `ncurses` terminal GUI libraries lets you use (at your own risk) extended ASCII options. ## ASCII control characters (character code 0-31) The first 32 characters in the ASCII-table are unprintable control codes and are used to control peripherals such as printers. ``` text DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description 1 001 01 00000001 SOH  Start of Heading 2 002 02 00000010 STX  Start of Text 3 003 03 00000011 ETX  End of Text 4 004 04 00000100 EOT  End of Transmission 5 005 05 00000101 ENQ  Enquiry 6 006 06 00000110 ACK  Acknowledgment 7 007 07 00000111 BEL  Bell 8 010 08 00001000 BS  Back Space 9 011 09 00001001 HT Horizontal Tab 10 012 0A 00001010 LF Line Feed 11 013 0B 00001011 VT Vertical Tab 12 014 0C 00001100 FF Form Feed 13 015 0D 00001101 CR Carriage Return 14 016 0E 00001110 SO  Shift Out / X-On 15 017 0F 00001111 SI  Shift In / X-Off 16 020 10 00010000 DLE  Data Line Escape 17 021 11 00010001 DC1  Device Control 1 (oft. XON) 18 022 12 00010010 DC2  Device Control 2 19 023 13 00010011 DC3  Device Control 3 (oft. XOFF) 20 024 14 00010100 DC4  Device Control 4 21 025 15 00010101 NAK  Negative Acknowledgement 22 026 16 00010110 SYN  Synchronous Idle 23 027 17 00010111 ETB  End of Transmit Block 24 030 18 00011000 CAN  Cancel 25 031 19 00011001 EM  End of Medium 26 032 1A 00011010 SUB  Substitute 27 033 1B 00011011 ESC  Escape 28 034 1C 00011100 FS  File Separator 29 035 1D 00011101 GS  Group Separator 30 036 1E 00011110 RS  Record Separator 31 037 1F 00011111 US  Unit Separator ``` ## ASCII printable characters (character code 32-127) Codes 32-127 are common for all the different variations of the ASCII table, they are called printable characters, represent letters, digits, punctuation marks, and a few miscellaneous symbols. You will find almost every character on your keyboard. Character 127 represents the command DEL. ``` text DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description 32 040 20 00100000 Space 33 041 21 00100001 ! ! Exclamation mark 34 042 22 00100010 " " " Double quotes (or speech marks) 35 043 23 00100011 # # Number 36 044 24 00100100 $ $ Dollar 37 045 25 00100101 % % Procenttecken 38 046 26 00100110 & & & Ampersand 39 047 27 00100111 ' ' Single quote 40 050 28 00101000 ( ( Open parenthesis (or open bracket) 41 051 29 00101001 ) ) Close parenthesis (or close bracket) 42 052 2A 00101010 * * Asterisk 43 053 2B 00101011 + + Plus 44 054 2C 00101100 , , Comma 45 055 2D 00101101 - - Hyphen 46 056 2E 00101110 . . Period, dot or full stop 47 057 2F 00101111 / / Slash or divide 48 060 30 00110000 0 0 Zero 49 061 31 00110001 1 1 One 50 062 32 00110010 2 2 Two 51 063 33 00110011 3 3 Three 52 064 34 00110100 4 4 Four 53 065 35 00110101 5 5 Five 54 066 36 00110110 6 6 Six 55 067 37 00110111 7 7 Seven 56 070 38 00111000 8 8 Eight 57 071 39 00111001 9 9 Nine 58 072 3A 00111010 : : Colon 59 073 3B 00111011 ; ; Semicolon 60 074 3C 00111100 < < < Less than (or open angled bracket) 61 075 3D 00111101 = = Equals 62 076 3E 00111110 > > > Greater than (or close angled bracket) 63 077 3F 00111111 ? ? Question mark 64 100 40 01000000 @ @ At symbol 65 101 41 01000001 A A Uppercase A 66 102 42 01000010 B B Uppercase B 67 103 43 01000011 C C Uppercase C 68 104 44 01000100 D D Uppercase D 69 105 45 01000101 E E Uppercase E 70 106 46 01000110 F F Uppercase F 71 107 47 01000111 G G Uppercase G 72 110 48 01001000 H H Uppercase H 73 111 49 01001001 I I Uppercase I 74 112 4A 01001010 J J Uppercase J 75 113 4B 01001011 K K Uppercase K 76 114 4C 01001100 L L Uppercase L 77 115 4D 01001101 M M Uppercase M 78 116 4E 01001110 N N Uppercase N 79 117 4F 01001111 O O Uppercase O 80 120 50 01010000 P P Uppercase P 81 121 51 01010001 Q Q Uppercase Q 82 122 52 01010010 R R Uppercase R 83 123 53 01010011 S S Uppercase S 84 124 54 01010100 T T Uppercase T 85 125 55 01010101 U U Uppercase U 86 126 56 01010110 V V Uppercase V 87 127 57 01010111 W W Uppercase W 88 130 58 01011000 X X Uppercase X 89 131 59 01011001 Y Y Uppercase Y 90 132 5A 01011010 Z Z Uppercase Z 91 133 5B 01011011 [ [ Opening bracket 92 134 5C 01011100 \ \ Backslash 93 135 5D 01011101 ] ] Closing bracket 94 136 5E 01011110 ^ ^ Caret - circumflex 95 137 5F 01011111 _ _ Underscore 96 140 60 01100000 ` ` Grave accent 97 141 61 01100001 a a Lowercase a 98 142 62 01100010 b b Lowercase b 99 143 63 01100011 c c Lowercase c 100 144 64 01100100 d d Lowercase d 101 145 65 01100101 e e Lowercase e 102 146 66 01100110 f f Lowercase f 103 147 67 01100111 g g Lowercase g 104 150 68 01101000 h h Lowercase h 105 151 69 01101001 i i Lowercase i 106 152 6A 01101010 j j Lowercase j 107 153 6B 01101011 k k Lowercase k 108 154 6C 01101100 l l Lowercase l 109 155 6D 01101101 m m Lowercase m 110 156 6E 01101110 n n Lowercase n 111 157 6F 01101111 o o Lowercase o 112 160 70 01110000 p p Lowercase p 113 161 71 01110001 q q Lowercase q 114 162 72 01110010 r r Lowercase r 115 163 73 01110011 s s Lowercase s 116 164 74 01110100 t t Lowercase t 117 165 75 01110101 u u Lowercase u 118 166 76 01110110 v v Lowercase v 119 167 77 01110111 w w Lowercase w 120 170 78 01111000 x x Lowercase x 121 171 79 01111001 y y Lowercase y 122 172 7A 01111010 z z Lowercase z 123 173 7B 01111011 { { Opening brace 124 174 7C 01111100 | | Vertical bar 125 175 7D 01111101 } } Closing brace 126 176 7E 01111110 ~ ~ Equivalency sign - tilde 127 177 7F 01111111  Delete ``` ## The extended ASCII codes (character code 128-255) There are several different variations of the 8-bit ASCII table. The table below is according to ISO 8859-1, also called ISO Latin-1. Codes 129-159 contain the Microsoft Windows Latin-1 extended characters. Results of rendering this character range are determined by the medium. For web UTF-8 is the standard. ``` text DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description 128 200 80 10000000 € € € Euro sign 129 201 81 10000001 130 202 82 10000010 ‚ ‚ ‚ Single low-9 quotation mark 131 203 83 10000011 ƒ ƒ ƒ Latin small letter f with hook 132 204 84 10000100 „ „ „ Double low-9 quotation mark 133 205 85 10000101 … … … Horizontal ellipsis 134 206 86 10000110 † † † Dagger 135 207 87 10000111 ‡ ‡ ‡ Double dagger 136 210 88 10001000 ˆ ˆ ˆ Modifier letter circumflex accent 137 211 89 10001001 ‰ ‰ ‰ Per mille sign 138 212 8A 10001010 Š Š Š Latin capital letter S with caron 139 213 8B 10001011 ‹ ‹ ‹ Single left-pointing angle quotation 140 214 8C 10001100 Œ Œ Œ Latin capital ligature OE 141 215 8D 10001101 142 216 8E 10001110 Ž Ž Latin captial letter Z with caron 143 217 8F 10001111 144 220 90 10010000 145 221 91 10010001 ‘ ‘ ‘ Left single quotation mark 146 222 92 10010010 ’ ’ ’ Right single quotation mark 147 223 93 10010011 “ “ “ Left double quotation mark 148 224 94 10010100 ” ” ” Right double quotation mark 149 225 95 10010101 • • • Bullet 150 226 96 10010110 – – – En dash 151 227 97 10010111 — — — Em dash 152 230 98 10011000 ˜ ˜ ˜ Small tilde 153 231 99 10011001 ™ ™ ™ Trade mark sign 154 232 9A 10011010 š š š Latin small letter S with caron 155 233 9B 10011011 › › › Single right-pointing angle quotation mark 156 234 9C 10011100 œ œ œ Latin small ligature oe 157 235 9D 10011101 158 236 9E 10011110 ž ž Latin small letter z with caron 159 237 9F 10011111 Ÿ Ÿ ÿ Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis 160 240 A0 10100000 &     Non-breaking space 161 241 A1 10100001 ¡ ¡ ¡ Inverted exclamation mark 162 242 A2 10100010 ¢ ¢ ¢ Cent sign 163 243 A3 10100011 £ £ £ Pound sign 164 244 A4 10100100 ¤ ¤ ¤ Currency sign 165 245 A5 10100101 ¥ ¥ ¥ Yen sign 166 246 A6 10100110 ¦ ¦ ¦ Pipe, Broken vertical bar 167 247 A7 10100111 § § § Section sign 168 250 A8 10101000 ¨ ¨ ¨ Spacing diaeresis - umlaut 169 251 A9 10101001 © © © Copyright sign 170 252 AA 10101010 ª ª ª Feminine ordinal indicator 171 253 AB 10101011 « « « Left double angle quotes 172 254 AC 10101100 ¬ ¬ ¬ Not sign 173 255 AD 10101101 & ­ ­ Soft hyphen 174 256 AE 10101110 ® ® ® Registered trade mark sign 175 257 AF 10101111 ¯ ¯ ¯ Spacing macron - overline 176 260 B0 10110000 ° ° ° Degree sign 177 261 B1 10110001 ± ± ± Plus-or-minus sign 178 262 B2 10110010 ² ² ² Superscript two - squared 179 263 B3 10110011 ³ ³ ³ Superscript three - cubed 180 264 B4 10110100 ´ ´ ´ Acute accent - spacing acute 181 265 B5 10110101 µ µ µ Micro sign 182 266 B6 10110110 ¶ ¶ ¶ Pilcrow sign - paragraph sign 183 267 B7 10110111 · · · Middle dot - Georgian comma 184 270 B8 10111000 ¸ ¸ ¸ Spacing cedilla 185 271 B9 10111001 ¹ ¹ ¹ Superscript one 186 272 BA 10111010 º º º Masculine ordinal indicator 187 273 BB 10111011 » » » Right double angle quotes 188 274 BC 10111100 ¼ ¼ ¼ Fraction one quarter 189 275 BD 10111101 ½ ½ ½ Fraction one half 190 276 BE 10111110 ¾ ¾ ¾ Fraction three quarters 191 277 BF 10111111 ¿ ¿ ¿ Inverted question mark 192 300 C0 11000000 À À À Latin capital letter A with grave 193 301 C1 11000001 Á Á Á Latin capital letter A with acute 194 302 C2 11000010    Latin capital letter A with circumflex 195 303 C3 11000011 à à à Latin capital letter A with tilde 196 304 C4 11000100 Ä Ä Ä Latin capital letter A with diaeresis 197 305 C5 11000101 Å Å Å Latin capital letter A with ring above 198 306 C6 11000110 Æ Æ Æ Latin capital letter AE 199 307 C7 11000111 Ç Ç Ç Latin capital letter C with cedilla 200 310 C8 11001000 È È È Latin capital letter E with grave 201 311 C9 11001001 É É É Latin capital letter E with acute 202 312 CA 11001010 Ê Ê Ê Latin capital letter E with circumflex 203 313 CB 11001011 Ë Ë Ë Latin capital letter E with diaeresis 204 314 CC 11001100 Ì Ì Ì Latin capital letter I with grave 205 315 CD 11001101 Í Í Í Latin capital letter I with acute 206 316 CE 11001110 Î Î Î Latin capital letter I with circumflex 207 317 CF 11001111 Ï Ï Ï Latin capital letter I with diaeresis 208 320 D0 11010000 Ð Ð Ð Latin capital letter ETH 209 321 D1 11010001 Ñ Ñ Ñ Latin capital letter N with tilde 210 322 D2 11010010 Ò Ò Ò Latin capital letter O with grave 211 323 D3 11010011 Ó Ó Ó Latin capital letter O with acute 212 324 D4 11010100 Ô Ô Ô Latin capital letter O with circumflex 213 325 D5 11010101 Õ Õ Õ Latin capital letter O with tilde 214 326 D6 11010110 Ö Ö Ö Latin capital letter O with diaeresis 215 327 D7 11010111 × × × Multiplication sign 216 330 D8 11011000 Ø Ø Ø Latin capital letter O with slash 217 331 D9 11011001 Ù Ù Ù Latin capital letter U with grave 218 332 DA 11011010 Ú Ú Ú Latin capital letter U with acute 219 333 DB 11011011 Û Û Û Latin capital letter U with circumflex 220 334 DC 11011100 Ü Ü Ü Latin capital letter U with diaeresis 221 335 DD 11011101 Ý Ý Ý Latin capital letter Y with acute 222 336 DE 11011110 Þ Þ Þ Latin capital letter THORN 223 337 DF 11011111 ß ß ß Latin small letter sharp s - ess-zed 224 340 E0 11100000 à à à Latin small letter a with grave 225 341 E1 11100001 á á á Latin small letter a with acute 226 342 E2 11100010 â â â Latin small letter a with circumflex 227 343 E3 11100011 ã ã ã Latin small letter a with tilde 228 344 E4 11100100 ä ä ä Latin small letter a with diaeresis 229 345 E5 11100101 å å å Latin small letter a with ring above 230 346 E6 11100110 æ æ æ Latin small letter ae 231 347 E7 11100111 ç ç ç Latin small letter c with cedilla 232 350 E8 11101000 è è è Latin small letter e with grave 233 351 E9 11101001 é é é Latin small letter e with acute 234 352 EA 11101010 ê ê ê Latin small letter e with circumflex 235 353 EB 11101011 ë ë ë Latin small letter e with diaeresis 236 354 EC 11101100 ì ì ì Latin small letter i with grave 237 355 ED 11101101 í í í Latin small letter i with acute 238 356 EE 11101110 î î î Latin small letter i with circumflex 239 357 EF 11101111 ï ï ï Latin small letter i with diaeresis 240 360 F0 11110000 ð ð ð Latin small letter eth 241 361 F1 11110001 ñ ñ ñ Latin small letter n with tilde 242 362 F2 11110010 ò ò ò Latin small letter o with grave 243 363 F3 11110011 ó ó ó Latin small letter o with acute 244 364 F4 11110100 ô ô ô Latin small letter o with circumflex 245 365 F5 11110101 õ õ õ Latin small letter o with tilde 246 366 F6 11110110 ö ö ö Latin small letter o with diaeresis 247 367 F7 11110111 ÷ ÷ ÷ Division sign 248 370 F8 11111000 ø ø ø Latin small letter o with slash 249 371 F9 11111001 ù ù ù Latin small letter u with grave 250 372 FA 11111010 ú ú ú Latin small letter u with acute 251 373 FB 11111011 û û û Latin small letter u with circumflex 252 374 FC 11111100 ü ü ü Latin small letter u with diaeresis 253 375 FD 11111101 ý ý ý Latin small letter y with acute 254 376 FE 11111110 þ þ þ Latin small letter thorn 255 377 FF 11111111 ÿ ÿ ÿ Latin small letter y with diaeresis ```